摘要 :
To many, system policy is a statement posted on a website indicating intention to protect personal data. In reality, policy is much broader, and its enforcement far more consequential. What if policy-derived rule sets could be rig...
展开
To many, system policy is a statement posted on a website indicating intention to protect personal data. In reality, policy is much broader, and its enforcement far more consequential. What if policy-derived rule sets could be rigorously defined and automated for software-intensive systems? Imagine a "policy machine" that allows codification of arbitrary rules stemming from policy to create executable code. Such a tool exists today at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The NIST Policy Machine offers a new technology in enforcing the important role of policy in systems design, evolution, management, and policy enforcement.
收起
摘要 :
Institutional policies and policy systems are vital to the well-being of institutions of higher education. While many institutions dedicate time and resources to the development of key policies, the establishment of a well-designe...
展开
Institutional policies and policy systems are vital to the well-being of institutions of higher education. While many institutions dedicate time and resources to the development of key policies, the establishment of a well-designed and well-functioning policy system is often neglected. We refer to the discrepancy between the importance of institutional policy systems and the lack of time and resources devoted to them as the policy paradox. This article chronicles Utah Valley University’s policy improvement initiative as a guide for institutions of higher education interested in improving institutional policy systems.
收起
摘要 :
We consider the allocation of capacity in a system in which rental equipment is accessed by two classes of customers. We formulate the problem as a continuous-time analogue of the one-shot allocation problems found in the more tra...
展开
We consider the allocation of capacity in a system in which rental equipment is accessed by two classes of customers. We formulate the problem as a continuous-time analogue of the one-shot allocation problems found in the more traditional literature on revenue management, and we analyze a queueing control model that approximates its dynamics. Our investigation yields three sets of results.First, we use dynamic programming to characterize properties of optimal capacity allocation policies. We identify conditions under which "complete sharing"- in which both classes of customers have unlimited access to the rental fleet-is optimal.Next, we develop a computationally efficient "aggregate threshold" heuristic that is based on a fluid approximation of the original stochastic model. We obtain closed-form expressions for the heuristic's control parameters and show that the heuristic performs well in numerical experiments. The closed-form expressions also show that, in the context of the fluid approximation, revenues are concave and increasing in the fleet size.Finally, we consider the effect of the ability to allocate capacity on optimal fleet size. We show that the optimal fleet size under allocation policies may be lower, the same as, or higher than that under complete sharing. As capacity costs increase, allocation policies allow for larger relative fleet sizes. Numerical results show that, even in cases in which dollar profits under complete sharing may be close to those under allocation policies, the capacity reductions enabled by allocation schemes can help to lift, profit margins significantly.
收起
摘要 :
China's district heating system for urban residences has achieved remarkable progress in terms of scale, coverage, and growth. However, its development imposes great challenges to the country's energy infrastructure, environmental...
展开
China's district heating system for urban residences has achieved remarkable progress in terms of scale, coverage, and growth. However, its development imposes great challenges to the country's energy infrastructure, environmental sustainability, and climate change policy. To tackle these problems, the central government has implemented numerous public policies in the past decades. However, few studies have focused on the policies themselves. This study aimed to analyze systematically the historical development of the residential heating policy, reveal the administrative system's evolution, and quantify the mix of different policy instruments. We applied text-based analysis to 146 policy documents issued by the central government from 1986 to 2019. We identified four different development stages with varying objectives and constraints in the past four decades. To harmonize the various tasks in these four stages, China's administrative system gradually evolved from a single-function management agency to one with multidimensional objectives and a mechanism for sound coordination. The analysis also revealed the regulation instrument as the most preferred in the policy toolbox, whereas the economic tool has garnered increasing attention. The standard-based instrument showed a moderate growth pattern in terms of quantity and intensity. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
收起
摘要 :
Most studies of policy formulation focus on the nature and kind of advice provided to decision-makers and think of this as originating from a system of interacting elements: a "policy advisory system". Policy influence in such mod...
展开
Most studies of policy formulation focus on the nature and kind of advice provided to decision-makers and think of this as originating from a system of interacting elements: a "policy advisory system". Policy influence in such models has historically been viewed as based on considerations of the proximate location of policy advisors vis a vis the government, linked to related factors such as the extent to which governments are able to control sources of advice. While not explicitly stated, this approach typically presents the content of policy advice as either partisan "political" or administratively "technical" in nature. This article assesses the merits of these locational models against evidence of shifts in governance arrangements that have blurred both the inside vs outside and technical vs political dimensions of policy formulation environments. It argues that the growing plurality of advisory sources and the polycentrism associated with these governance shifts challenge the utility of both the implied content and locational dimensions of traditional models of policy advice systems. A revised approach is advanced that sees influence more as a product of content than location. The article concludes by raising several hypotheses for future research linking advisory system behaviour to governance arrangements.
收起
摘要 :
The concept of "policy advisory systems" was introduced by Halligan in 1995 as a way to characterize and analyze the multiple sources of policy advice utilized by governments in policy-making processes. The concept has proved usef...
展开
The concept of "policy advisory systems" was introduced by Halligan in 1995 as a way to characterize and analyze the multiple sources of policy advice utilized by governments in policy-making processes. The concept has proved useful and has influenced thinking about both the nature of policy work in different advisory venues as well as how these systems change over time. However, to date this work has examined mainly cases of developed countries and its application to developing and transitional countries is less certain. This paper sets out existing models of policy advisory systems based on Halligan's original thinking on the subject and assesses the findings of many existing studies into OECD countries that advisory systems have been changing as a result of the dual effects of increased use of external consultants and others sources of advice - "externalization" - and the increased use of partisan advice inside government itself - "politicization". Determining whether or not such changes have also characterized the situations found in developing and transitional countries and at the international-domestic and state-sub-state levels is the subject of the papers in this Special Issue.
收起
摘要 :
This paper brings together recent conceptual and empirical contributions, to provide new analytical foundations of systemic public policies for the transition towards the green economy. In particular, by acknowledging the inherent...
展开
This paper brings together recent conceptual and empirical contributions, to provide new analytical foundations of systemic public policies for the transition towards the green economy. In particular, by acknowledging the inherent complexity of system dynamics, the paper argues that the green transformation of the economies can be conceptualized as the outcome of an emergent system property. In this context, the paper highlights the difficulties related to the development of an integrated framework of policy instruments and the necessity to take into account their mutual interaction in the effort of favoring sustainable transition. Some examples of possible contrasting effects between policies that are crucial for sustaining the transition towards the green economy: innovation policy, environmental and energy policies, and labor policies are discussed. Finally, the paper elaborates on the concept of Green Transition System, suggesting the importance of activating learning and adaptive mechanisms involving private agents, stakeholders, policy makers and scholars interested and involved in the transition process.
收起
摘要 :
The information systems community can contribute more, not just to "public policy" but to the broader notion of policy that guides decisions toward desired outcomes. Policy entails politics. It requires knowing about policy promul...
展开
The information systems community can contribute more, not just to "public policy" but to the broader notion of policy that guides decisions toward desired outcomes. Policy entails politics. It requires knowing about policy promulgation, implementation, and effect. It requires some understanding of policy analysis. The policy analyst takes a scientific and systematic view of policy issues. Much policy is focused on the unglamorous issues of efficiency and effectiveness. The goal is to speak truth to power. This is the first in a series of papers to address policy.
收起
摘要 :
The value of systems thinking in public policy is increasingly recognised. However, the extent of its use in decision- and policy-making within the government and civil service remains unclear. This review aims to investigate the ...
展开
The value of systems thinking in public policy is increasingly recognised. However, the extent of its use in decision- and policy-making within the government and civil service remains unclear. This review aims to investigate the state of systems thinking application in public policy. We conducted a systematic search to identify papers published up to June 2022 from various scientific databases. We also searched the grey literature. Publications eligible for inclusion were those that used or discussed systems thinking concepts and tools relating to policy-making. We included 73 papers falling into five categories: case studies, commentary pieces, user perspectives, reviews, and methodological frameworks. Our analysis highlighted the benefits and values of systems thinking that were observed and reflected by researchers and perceived by users in policy-making. It also revealed several challenges of systems thinking implementation in public policy and mapped out recommendations to address each of these challenges. Decision-makers in public policy are yet to utilise the full benefit of systems thinking. Advancing its implementation and sustaining its use in practice requires (i) exploring how to shift decision-makers' mental models and modify the organisational cultures under which decisions are made and (ii) developing methodological and practical guidance for application and evaluation specific to policy-making.
收起
摘要 :
A policy is an execution rule (or constraint) for objects in a system to retain security and integrity of the system. We introduce a simple policy specification language and define its operational semantics. A new NFA construction...
展开
A policy is an execution rule (or constraint) for objects in a system to retain security and integrity of the system. We introduce a simple policy specification language and define its operational semantics. A new NFA construction algorithm that works in linear time is proposed and a model checking method for policy controlled system (PCS) is presented. We conducted verification of a sample PCS for hotel reservation by our automatic verification tool and the experimental results showed the efficiency of the proposed method.
收起
原文获取